Discovering less toxic ionic liquids by using the Microtox® toxicity test

New Microtox (R) toxicity data of 16 ionic liquids of different cationic and anionic composition were determined. The ionic liquids 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, [BMPyr(+)][TFO-], 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride, [BMPyr(+)][Cl-], hydroxypropylmethylimidazolium fluoroacetate, [HOPMIM+][FCH2COO-], and hydroxypropylmethylimidazolium glycolate [HOPMIM+][glycolate] were found to be less toxic than conventional organic solvent such as chloroform or toluene, accoding the Microtox (R) toxicity assays. The toxicity of pyrrolidinium cation was lower than the imidazolium and pyridinium ones. It was found that the inclusion of an hydroxyl group in the alkyl chain length of the cation also reduce the toxicity of the ionic liquid. To sum up, the Microtox (R) toxicity assays can be used as screening tool to easily determined the toxicity of a wide range of ionic liquids and the toxicity data obtained could allow the obtention of structure-toxicity relationships to design less toxic ionic liquids. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.