期刊
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
卷 875, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85
关键词
black hole physics; galaxies: individual (M87); galaxies: jets; techniques: high angular resolution; techniques: image processing; techniques: interferometric
资金
- Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496]
- European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action [731016]
- Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University through John Templeton Foundation [60477]
- Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile) [PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007]
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [104497, 275201, 279006, 281692]
- Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417]
- European Research Council Synergy Grant BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes [610058]
- Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant [APOSTD/2018/177]
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation [GBMF 947, GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278]
- Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]
- JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships
- Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008]
- Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship
- MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007]
- MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds
- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-110-005]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC17K0649]
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702]
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085]
- Natural Science Foundation of China [11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2015-R1D1A1A01056807, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award [639.043.513]
- Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]
- Swedish Research Council [2017-00648]
- Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
- Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade
- Russian Science Foundation [17-12-01029]
- Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P]
- US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory [89233218CNA000001]
- Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA [CUP C52I13000140001]
- ALMA North America Development Fund
- NSF [DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442, ACI-1548562]
- Smithsonian Institution
- Academia Sinica
- National Key RAMP
- D Program of China [2017YFA0402700]
- Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK)
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France)
- MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany)
- State of Arizona
- NSF Physics Frontier Center award [PHY-0114422]
- Kavli Foundation
- National Science Foundation [PLR-1248097]
- NSF Physics Frontier Center [PHY-1125897]
- KREONET (Korea Research Environment Open NETwork)
- Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
- South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa
- State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award [SEV-2017-0709]
- Compute Ontario
- Calcul Quebec
- Compute Canada
- IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain)
- NSF
- GBMF [GBMF-947]
- CyVerse
- [Chandra TM6-17006X]
- [MM07B]
- [AST-1207704]
- [AST-1207730]
- [AST-1207752]
- [MRI-1228509]
- [OPP-1248097]
- [AST-1310896]
- [AST-1312651]
- [AST-1337663]
- [AST-1440254]
- [AST-1555365]
- [AST-1715061]
- [AST-1614868]
- [AST-1615796]
- [AST-1716327]
- [OISE-1743747]
- [AST-1816420]
- Russian Science Foundation [17-12-01029] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2015H1A2A1033752, 2015H1D3A1066561] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [18KK0090, 18K03709] Funding Source: KAKEN
We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of similar to 40 mu as, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the shadow of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others' work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.
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