期刊
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
卷 63, 期 6, 页码 1657-1672出版社
INFORMS
DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2015.2417
关键词
reference dependence; prospect theory; loss aversion; bunching; effort provision
资金
- John Templeton Foundation
Theories of reference-dependent preferences propose that individuals evaluate outcomes as gains or losses relative to a neutral reference point. We test for reference dependence in a large data set of marathon finishing times (n = 9; 789; 093). Models of reference-dependent preferences such as prospect theory predict bunching of finishing times at reference points. We provide visual and statistical evidence that round numbers (e.g., a four-hour marathon) serve as reference points in this environment and as a result produce significant bunching of performance at these round numbers. Bunching is driven by planning and adjustments in effort provision near the finish line and cannot be explained by explicit rewards (e.g., qualifying for the Boston Marathon), peer effects, or institutional features (e.g., pacesetters).
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