期刊
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
卷 876, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1095
关键词
planets and satellites: atmospheres; planets and satellites: gaseous planets; planets and satellites: physical evolution; X-rays: stars
资金
- Department of Defense (DoD) through the National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate Fellowship (NDSEG) Program
- GSFC Sellers Exoplanet Environments Collaboration (SEEC) - NASA Planetary Science Divisions Internal Scientist Funding Model
Short-period sub-Neptunes with substantial volatile envelopes are among the most common type of known exoplanets. However, recent studies of the Kepler population have suggested a dearth of sub-Neptunes on highly irradiated orbits, where they are vulnerable to atmospheric photoevaporation. Physically, we expect this photoevaporation desert to depend on the total lifetime X-ray and extreme ultraviolet flux, the main drivers of atmospheric escape. In this work, we study the demographics of sub-Neptunes as a function of lifetime exposure to high-energy radiation and host-star mass. We find that for a given present-day insolation, planets orbiting a 0.3 M-circle dot star experience similar to 100x more X-ray flux over their lifetimes versus a 1.2 M-circle dot star. Defining the photoevaporation desert as a region consistent with zero occurrence at 2 sigma, the onset of the desert happens for integrated X-ray fluxes greater than 1.43 x 10(22) to 8.23 x 10(20) as a function of planetary radii for 1.8-4 R-circle plus. We also compare the location of the photoevaporation desert for different stellar types. We find much greater variability in the desert onset in the bolometric flux space compared to the integrated X-ray flux space, suggestive of photoevaporation driven by steady-state stellar X-ray emissions as the dominant control on desert location. Finally, we report tentative evidence for the sub-Neptune valley, first seen around Sun-like stars, for M&K dwarfs. The discovery of additional planets around low-mass stars from surveys such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission will enable detailed exploration of these trends.
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