Stable and Reproducible 2D/3D Formamidinium-Lead-lodide Perovskite Solar Cells

2D perovskite-stabilized FACsPbI(3) (FA = formamidinium) perovskite solar cells were fabricated in both normal-type and inverted-type architectures. While the normal-type devices exhibited a high power conversion efficiency of 20.2%, their reproducibility was limited. On the other hand, the inverted-type devices exhibited an efficiency of 18.2% with a greater stability and higher reproducibility than those of the normal-type devices. The reduced reproducibility of the normal-type devices was associated with the crack formation on the perovskite films during a spin-coating process. The hardness of both the perovskite and the sublayer was directly linked to the crack formation. Inverted-type 2D/3D FACsPbI(3) with ozone-treated poly(triarylamine) as sublayer exhibited the highest phase stability owing to the hydrophobic nature of poly(triarylamine) and improved energy level alignment upon an ozone treatment. In addition, strong interaction between phenethylamine cations of the 2D perovskite and of the 3D FACsPbI(3) crystal at grain boundaries contributed to the high phase stability.