期刊
NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
卷 2, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/s41612-019-0069-5
关键词
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资金
- ERC [ERC-CoG-615922-BLACARAT]
- Natural Resources Canada [EIP-EU-TR3-04A]
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [140590]
- German science foundation (DFG) [Zi 764/5-1, EC-OC-BrC ZI 764/7-1]
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute HICE-Aerosol and Health via the Helmholtz Association (HGF-INF)
Ship engines in the open ocean and Arctic typically combust heavy fuel oil (HFO), resulting in light-absorbing particulate matter (PM) emissions that have been attributed to black carbon (BC) and conventional, soluble brown carbon (brC). We show here that neither BC nor soluble brC is the major light-absorbing carbon (LAC) species in HFO-combustion PM. Instead, tar brC dominates. This tar brC, previously identified only in open-biomass-burning emissions, shares key defining properties with BC: it is insoluble, refractory, and substantially absorbs visible and near-infrared light. Relative to BC, tar brC has a higher Angstrom absorption exponent (AAE) (2.5-6, depending on the considered wavelengths), a moderately-high mass absorption efficiency (up to 50% of that of BC), and a lower ratio of sp(2)- to sp(3)-bonded carbon. Based on our results, we present a refined classification of atmospheric LAC into two sub-types of BC and two sub-types of brC. We apply this refined classification to demonstrate that common analytical techniques for BC must be interpreted with care when applied to tar-containing aerosols. The global significance of our results is indicated by field observations which suggest that tar brC already contributes to Arctic snow darkening, an effect which may be magnified over upcoming decades as Arctic shipping continues to intensify.
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