期刊
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
卷 6, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00260
关键词
meridional overturning circulation; thermohaline circulation; observing systems; ocean heat transport; carbon storage; moorings; circulation variability
资金
- US National Science Foundation (NSF) [OCE-1259013]
- UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) [OSNAP NE/K010875/1]
- UK Natural Environment Research Council (Extended Ellett Line)
- UK Natural Environment Research Council (ACSIS)
- China's national key research and development projects [2016YFA0601803]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [201424001]
- German Ministry BMBF (RACE program)
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO: AZOMP)
- European Union 7th Framework Programme [FP7 2007-2013: NACLIM308299]
- Horizon 2020 program [727852, 678760, 633211]
- French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- NERC
- NSF [OCE1332978, OCE-0726720, 1332667, 1332834, OCE1536517, OCE1536586, OCE1536851, 1852977]
- NERC RAPID-AMOC program [NE/M005046/1]
- US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
- NOAA Climate Program Office-Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division
- NOAA Climate Program Office-Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division [100007298]
- French SAMOC project [11-ANR-56-004]
- Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological development [CNPq: 302018/2014-0]
- Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAESP: SAMOC-Br grants) [2011/50552-4, 2017/09659-6]
- South African DST-NRF-SANAP program
- South African Department of Environmental Affairs
- NOAA
- BMBF [03F0443C, 03F0605C, 03F0561C, 03F0792A]
- DFG under Germany's Excellence Strategy [EXC 2037, 390683824]
- Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service [CMEMS: 23-GLO-RAN LOT 3]
- Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (NSF grant) [OCE-1259013]
- Blue-Action project (European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme) [727852]
- CNRS
- BMBF as part of the cooperative projects RACE [03F0605B, 03F0824C]
- NASAHeadquarters under theNASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program [NNX16AO39H]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41521091, U1606402]
- NERC [NE/T00858X/1, NE/T00858X/2, NE/M005046/1, NE/K010875/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Natural Environment Research Council [NE/T00858X/1, NE/T00858X/2] Funding Source: researchfish
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Division Of Ocean Sciences [1332667, 1332834] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) extends from the Southern Ocean to the northern North Atlantic, transporting heat northwards throughout the South and North Atlantic, and sinking carbon and nutrients into the deep ocean. Climate models indicate that changes to the AMOC both herald and drive climate shifts. Intensive trans-basin AMOC observational systems have been put in place to continuously monitor meridional volume transport variability, and in some cases, heat, freshwater and carbon transport. These observational programs have been used to diagnose the magnitude and origins of transport variability, and to investigate impacts of variability on essential climate variables such as sea surface temperature, ocean heat content and coastal sea level. AMOC observing approaches vary between the different systems, ranging from trans-basin arrays (OSNAP, RAPID 26 degrees N, 11 degrees S, SAMBA 34.5 degrees S) to arrays concentrating on western boundaries (e.g., RAPID WAVE, MOVE 16 degrees N). In this paper, we outline the different approaches (aims, strengths and limitations) and summarize the key results to date. We also discuss alternate approaches for capturing AMOC variability including direct estimates (e.g., using sea level, bottom pressure, and hydrography from autonomous profiling floats), indirect estimates applying budgetary approaches, state estimates or ocean reanalyses, and proxies. Based on the existing observations and their results, and the potential of new observational and formal synthesis approaches, we make suggestions as to how to evaluate a comprehensive, future-proof observational network of the AMOC to deepen our understanding of the AMOC and its role in global climate.
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