Energy storage: pseudocapacitance in prospect

The two main types of charge storage devices - batteries and double layer charging capacitors - can be unambiguously distinguished from one another by the shape and scan rate dependence of their cyclic voltammetric current-potential (CV) responses. This is not the case with pseudocapacitors and with the notion of pseudocapacitance, as originally put forward by Conway et al. After insisting on the necessity of precisely defining pseudocapacitance as involving faradaic processes and having, at the same time, a capacitive signature, we discuss the modelling of pseudocapacitive responses, revisiting Conway's derivations and analysing critically the other contributions to the subject, leading unmistakably to the conclusion that pseudocapacitors are actually true capacitors and that pseudocapacitance is a basically incorrect notion. Taking cobalt oxide films as a tutorial example, we describe the way in which a (true) electrical double layer is built upon oxidation of the film in its insulating state up to an ohmic conducting state. The lessons drawn at this occasion are used to re-examine the classical oxides, RuO2, MnO2, TiO2, Nb2O5 and other examples of putative pseudocapacitive materials. Addressing the dynamics of charge storage-a key issue in the practice of power of the energy storage device-it is shown that ohmic potential drop in the pores is the governing factor rather than counter-ion diffusion as often asserted, based on incorrect diagnosis by means of scan rate variations in CV studies.