Low molecular weight heparins for current and future uses: approaches for micro- and nano-particulate delivery

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), the anticoagulant drug of choice in many indications, had been suggested as novel drug treatment for a range of diseases. Their superior pharmacokinetic properties compared to unfractionated heparin (UFH), motivated scientists to explore new delivery systems for improved therapeutic outcomes. Micro- and nano-carriers, with the versatile nature and characteristics of materials used for their fabrication, are able to surmount the challenges opposed by their native structures. The present review discusses the recent perspectives on the development of micro-and nano-particulate vectors for the delivery of LMWHs through various routes. Special focus on the application of the suggested systems, their characterization and the achieved improved bioavailability will be given throughout the review.