Female smokers have the highest alcohol craving in a residential alcoholism treatment cohort

Background: Cigarette smoking among female and male alcoholics has not been extensively studied as a factor related to intensity of alcohol craving during residential treatment and corresponding sobriety length. Methods: This retrospective cohort study assessed self-reported sobriety outcomes in patients with alcohol dependence at 3-month intervals over 12 months after completion of a 30-day residential treatment program. Demographic and clinical variables were collected including smoking status, alcohol craving utilizing the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), and alcohol relapse. Statistical analyses included Chi-square, ANOVA, Tukey's test, Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards models as appropriate. Results: Of the 761 alcohol-dependent study subjects, 355 (47%) were current smokers. Alcohol craving intensity was higher in smoking females compared to nonsmoking females (p = 0.0096), smoking males (p < 0.0001), and nonsmoking males (p < 0.0001). Smoking status-by-sex interaction was not associated with post-treatment relapse. After controlling for other variables, higher PACS scores at admission were associated with higher probability of relapse (p = 0.0003). Conclusions: In this study, female alcoholic smokers experienced the highest level of alcohol craving in an alcohol treatment setting. Interestingly, this did not translate into higher rates of post-treatment relapse. Further research is warranted to explore the neurobiological basis for sex differences in this highly prevalent comorbidity. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.