Growth of Ambient Induced Surface Impurity Species on Layered Positive Electrode Materials and Impact on Electrochemical Performance

Surface impurity species, most notably Li2CO3, that develop on layered oxide positive electrode materials with atmospheric aging have been reported to be highly detrimental to the subsequent electrochemical performance. LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) was used as a model layered oxide compound to evaluate the growth and subsequent electrochemical impact of H2O, LiHCO3, LiOH and Li2CO3. Methodical high temperature annealing enabled the systematic removal of each impurity specie, thus permitting the determination of each specie's individual effect on the host material's electrochemical performance. Extensive cycling of exposed and annealed materials emphasized the cycle life degradation and capacity loss induced by each impurity, while rate capability measurements correlated the electrode impedance to the impurity species present. Based on these characterization results, this work attempts to clarify decades of ambiguity over the growth mechanisms and the electrochemical impact of the specific surface impurity species formed during powder storage in various environments. (c) The Author(s) 2017. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. All rights reserved.