期刊
ANTIOXIDANTS
卷 8, 期 6, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060151
关键词
dietary oxysterols; Toll-like receptors; IL-8; IFN beta; TNF alpha; phenolic extract; cocoa bean shell; Honduras cocoa; (-)-epicatechin; tannins
资金
- University of Turin, Italy [POLG_RILO_16_01, BIAF_RILO_17_01]
- European Union's Seventh Framework programme for research and innovation under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie [609402-2020]
Background: Exaggerated Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immune and inflammatory responses play a role in inflammatory bowel diseases. This report deals with the ability of a mixture of oxysterols widely present in cholesterol-rich foods to induce in vitro intestinal inflammation through TLR up-regulation. The anti-inflammatory action of four cocoa bean shell (CBS) extracts with different polyphenol content, was tested. Methods: Differentiated intestinal CaCo-2 cells were treated with a dietary oxysterol mixture (Oxy-mix) (60 mu M). The expression and activation of TLR2 and TLR4, as well as the production of their downstream signaling effectors IL-8, IFN beta and TNF alpha were analyzed in the presence or absence of TLR antibodies. Honduras CBS extracts were characterized for their polyphenol contents; their anti-inflammatory action was analyzed in CaCo-2 cells treated with Oxy-mix. Results: Oxysterol-dependent TLR-2 and TLR4 over-expression and activation together with cytokine induction were abolished by blocking TLRs with specific antibodies. Polyphenol-rich CBS extracts consisting of high quantities of (-)-epicatechin and tannins also prevented TLR induction. Conclusions: TLR2 and TLR4 mainly contribute to inducing oxysterol-dependent intestinal inflammation. The fractionation method of CBS allowed the recovery of fractions rich in (-)-epicatechin and tannins able to counteract oxysterol-induced inflammation, thus highlighting the beneficial biological potential of specific CBS extracts.
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