Exogenous Glutathione Modulates Salinity Tolerance of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] at Reproductive Stage

In this study, we evaluated salt stress responses of 11 soybean genotypes and explored the protective roles of exogenous glutathione (GSH) against salt toxicity by assessing various biochemical and yield-attributing parameters. Exposure of the soybean genotypes to salt stress at the reproductive (R1) stage significantly decreased their yields by down-regulating the yield-contributing parameters as compared with unstressed controls. The highest decrease was found in number of seeds plant(-1), yield plant(-1), and number of pods plant(-1), whereas the lowest decrease was recorded in number of seeds pod(-1). Exogenous GSH was found to be effective in improving salinity tolerance, and the highest positive effects of GSH were recorded in terms of yield plant(-1), number of seeds plant(-1) and number of pods plant(-1), whereas its lowest effect was observed with respect to the 100-seed weight. Cluster analysis of the genotypes based on yield-contributing and yield data revealed different levels of salt tolerance. Notably, BINA-01 and -02, and BINA-04 were recognized as the highest and lowest salt-tolerant genotypes, respectively. Furthermore, exogenous GSH alleviated oxidative stress in the representative contrasting genotypes at the vegetative (V3) stage by decreasing salt-induced accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, our findings revealed that exogenous GSH application can minimize oxidative stress and contribute to the improvement of yield-contributing parameters, leading to improved yield in soybean genotypes under salt stress. Further investigations on molecular aspects will enable us to gain an in-depth understanding of how exogenous GSH can improve salinity tolerance in soybean, particularly at reproductive stage, to discover relevant pathways for biotechnological manipulation.