期刊
AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL-APPLIED ECONOMICS
卷 11, 期 4, 页码 181-209出版社
AMER ECONOMIC ASSOC
DOI: 10.1257/app.20180010
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资金
- ERC [681696-DEPP, 679704-DYNAMICSS]
- Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality (CEBI) at the University of Copenhagen - Danish National Research Foundation
- Danish National Research Foundation [DNRF134]
Using Danish administrative data, we study the impacts of children on gender inequality in the labor market. The arrival of children creates a long-run gender gap in earnings of around 20 percent driven by hours worked, participation, and wage rates. We identify mechanisms driving these child penalties in terms of occupation, sector, and firm choices. We find that the fraction of gender inequality caused by child penalties has featured a dramatic increase over the last three to four decades. Finally, we show that child penalties are transmitted through generations, from parents to daughters, suggesting an influence of childhood environment on gender identity.
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