Dipolar NLO Chromophores Bearing Diazine Rings as π-Conjugated Linkers

The synthesis of a series of push pull derivatives bearing triphenylamine electron-donating group, cyclopenta[c]thiophen4,6-dione electron acceptor and various pi-linkers including (hetero)aromatic fragments is reported. All target chromophores with systematically varied pi-linker structure were further investigated by electrochemistry, absorption measurements, and EFISH experiments in conjunction with DFT calculations. Based on electrochemical and photophysical measurements, when a polarizable 2,5-thienylene moiety is embedded into the chromophore pi-backbone the highest intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) is observed. Benzene, pyrimidine, and pyridazine derivatives exhibit lower polarizability and extent of the ICT across these pi-linkers. The elongation of the pi-conjugated system via additional ethenylene linker results in a significant reduction of the HOMO-LUMO gap and an enhancement of the NLO response. Whereas it does not significantly influence electrochemical and linear optical properties, the orientation of the pyrimidine ring seems to be a key parameter on the mu beta value due to significant variation of the dipolar moment (mu) value. In 2a and 2c, pyrimidine is oriented to behave as an acceptor and thus generate dipolar molecule with pc above 5 D, whereas in 2b and 2d ground state dipole moment is significantly reduced. This study seems to indicate a high aromaticity of pyrimidine and pyridazine derivatives, close to the benzene analogues and significantly higher than thiophene analogues.