Links Between Behavior Change Techniques and Mechanisms of Action: An Expert Consensus Study

Background Understanding the mechanisms through which behavior change techniques (BCTs) can modify behavior is important for the development and evaluation of effective behavioral interventions. To advance the field, we require a shared knowledge of the mechanisms of action (MoAs) through which BCTs may operate when influencing behavior. Purpose To elicit expert consensus on links between BCTs and MoAs. Methods In a modified Nominal Group Technique study, 105 international behavior change experts rated, discussed, and rerated links between 61 frequently used BCTs and 26 MoAs. The criterion for consensus was that at least 80 per cent of experts reached agreement about a link. Heat maps were used to present the data relating to all possible links. Results Of 1,586 possible links (61 BCTs x 26 MoAs), 51 of 61 (83.6 per cent) BCTs had a definite link to one or more MoAs (mean [SD] = 1.44 [0.96], range = 1-4), and 20 of 26 (76.9 per cent) MoAs had a definite link to one or more BCTs (mean [SD] = 3.27 [2.91], range = 9). Ninety (5.7 per cent) were identified as definite links, 464 (29.2 per cent) as definitely not links, and 1,032 (65.1 per cent) as possible or unsure links. No definite links were identified for 10 BCTs (e.g., Action Planning and Behavioural Substitution) and for six MoAs (e.g., Needs and Optimism). Conclusions The matrix of links between BCTs and MoAs provides a basis for those developing and synthesizing behavioral interventions. These links also provide a framework for specifying empirical tests in future studies.