Policy gap analysis of decentralized wastewater management on a developed pacific island

On-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are designed to treat wastewater on site, in a decentralized manner. If sited or managed poorly, OWTS can become significant sources of contamination to streams and marine waters. We conducted an assessment of Hawai?i?s legal, regulatory, and management provisions of OWTS in relation to the US EPA?s recommended guidelines that are meant to reduce failures and protect human and environmental health. We assessed Hawai?i?s capacities to meet US EPA?s recommendations and best management practices. We found that although the state implements some programs and regulations that meet the guidelines, many are missing. The analysis shows a deficiency in a number of areas, including alignment between land use and watershed-based planning, performance goals, inventory of systems, public outreach, homeowner education, and mechanisms that ensure regular upkeep and maintenance. Policy recommendations are provided to increase capacities to better plan for and manage OWTS in Hawai?i.