A method of collecting trace amounts of vermilion from artifacts for source estimation by sulfur isotope (δ34S) analysis: Use of sulfur-free adhesive tape to minimize damage to the artifact body during sampling

Vermilion is a red pigment found in burials or decorating artifact surfaces at many archaeological sites worldwide. The source of such vermilion is important information for clarifying ancient socioeconomic structures such as goods distribution networks. The sulfur isotopic ratio (delta S-34) of vermilion can be used to estimate possible sources of vermilion found at an archaeological site. Here, we describe a method that uses sulfur-free polyester adhesive tape to sample trace amounts of vermilion from the surfaces of artifacts for delta S-34 analysis. We also present an example of the application of the method to artifacts from the Kyoden site (Jomon period), western Japan. The delta S-34 results indicated that the vermilion used at Kyoden probably originated in Hokkaido. These results suggest that a goods distribution network covered much of Japan during the Jomon period. This minimally destructive method for sampling trace amounts of vermilion for delta S-34 analysis can be used to sample vermilion from various surfaces, including many kinds of artifacts and wall paintings.