Advanced tools and concepts for quantum cognition: A tutorial

This tutorial is intended to provide an introduction to some advanced tools and concepts needed to construct more realistic quantum models of cognition and decision. The aim is to cover, in a format suitable for researchers with some limited exposure to quantum models of cognition, the ideas of density matrices, POVM type measurements and open system dynamics. The central theme we explore is how we might introduce noise into our quantum models, and the effect this has on model behavior. These important ideas are likely to be very useful for constructing more realistic cognitive models, but they are generally not covered by introductory accounts of quantum theory. We hope that this tutorial will help to introduce these tools to other researchers interested in constructing quantum models of cognition. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.