Recovery of ammonium ion as struvite from flue gas scrubbing wastewater

Direct disposal of flue gas scrubbing-derived waste water with a high level (9000-10,000 mg/L) of ammonium ion (NH4+) into aquatic systems has contributed to environmental depreciation. Here, we report a feasibility study on NH4+ recovery and conversion to struvite (NH4MgPO4 center dot 6H(2)O), which is a slow-release fertilizer. Such conversion also aids in compliance with the discharge limits for nitrogen-based compounds. Lab-scale experiments were performed to determine the optimum pH and molar ratio (Mg2+:NH4+:PO43-) for struvite formation. A chemical equilibrium model (Visual Minteq) was also employed to corroborate the experimental results. The optimum pH for struvite precipitation was found to be pH 9 with a molar ratio of Mg2+: NH4+:PO43- = 1:1:1. At this pH, more than 93, 92.3 and 100% of the NH4+, Mg-2(+) and PO43-, respectively, were removed from the scrubbing waste water Visual Minteq simulation also demonstrated optimum struvite formation at pH 9-10. Both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis revealed that the synthesized struvite was comparable to that of a commercial struvite. Thus, our findings confirmed the possibility of synthesizing struvite from de-NOx scrubbing wastewater utilizing the residual ammonium ions (NH4+).