The Role of Butyrate on Monocyte Migration and Inflammation Response in Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a very serious global problem. In Indonesia, this disease attacks at the most productive age; consequently, it can reduce economic status and life expectancy. The pathogenesis of T2DM is very closely related to inflammation and macrophage accumulation. However, no anti-inflammatory agent has been proven to play a role in the management of T2DM. Butyrate is a short chain fatty acid produced from resistant starch fermentation in the intestinal lumen. It is able to bind to GPR41 and GPR43 receptors on monocytes, so that it can change the pattern of cytokine expression, activation, migration and cell differentiation. Hence, it is interesting to examine the anti-inflammation effect of butyrate and the effect on monocyte migration. A total of 37 subjects were examined in this study. They were divided into two groups, with and without butyrate treatment. We analyzed two pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor Necrosis Factor TNF-alpha and Interleukin IL-6) and one anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL 10. Monocytes were isolated in type 1 collagen gel for migration testing using the mu-slide chemotaxis IBIDI. Image analysis used ImageJ and Chemotaxis tool software. There was a significant difference in the TNF alpha/IL 10 ratio between healthy groups and T2DM. Butyrate also appears to suppress TNF alpha cytokine production and increase IL10 production. It also decreases the accumulation distance of monocyte migration in T2DM.