High porewater exchange in a mangrove-dominated estuary revealed from short-lived radium isotopes

We hypothesise that mangroves play an important role in groundwater exchange processes in subtropical and tropical estuarine waters. To investigate this, multiple high resolution time series measurements of radium across a tidal estuary (Coffs Creek, NSW, Australia) were performed as well as a spatial survey in both bottom and surface layers. Results from the spatial survey revealed increasing radium concentrations in parts of the estuary surrounded by mangroves. The average radium concentration in estuary areas lined with mangroves was 2.5 times higher than the average concentration at the mouth of the estuary and 6.5-fold higher than upstream freshwater areas. Additionally, the area enriched in radium coincided with low dissolved oxygen concentrations, implying that porewater exchange may drive anoxia. A radium mass balance model based on Ra-223 and Ra-224 isotopes at different sections of the estuary confirmed higher porewater exchange rates from areas fringed with mangrove vegetation. Estimated porewater exchange rates were 27.8 +/- 5.3 and 13.6 +/- 2.1 cm d(-1) (0.8 +/- 0.1 and 0.4 +/- 0.1 m(3) s(-1)) based on 223Ra and 224Ra isotopes, respectively. The average saline porewater exchange was similar to 10-fold larger than the upstream surface freshwater inputs to the estuary. We suggest that mangrove environments within subtropical estuaries are hotspots for porewater exchange due to the complex belowground structure of crab burrows and the effect of tidal pumping. Because porewater exchange releases carbon and nitrogen from coastal sediments, development and modification of mangrove areas in subtropical estuaries have a significant effect on coastal biogeochemical cycles. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.