Lead-acid battery modelling in perspective of ageing: a review

Rural electrification in remote areas is an important factor for development. Due to their low cost and availability, lead-acid batteries are good candidates for electricity storage in renewable energy applications and their second-life uses. Reused car batteries will definitely reduce the cost of these systems but battery State-of-Health evaluation is a main concern. In this paper, an original comparison between different lead-acid battery models with ageing is presented, due to lack of such type of reviews in literature. In addition, some simulations from a model developed by authors are compared with results from existing models i.e. deep discharge model and equivalent circuit model which are combined with empirical sulfation model. The model presented is simple and depends on manufacturer's datasheet. It gives more benefits than previous models while complexity remains very low. Then, the complex (but complete) Schiffer's model is reviewed. These models can be used in modelling for state-of-health simulation and their possible benefits and lack of information are discussed when using them for an already existed state-of-health method.