期刊
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
卷 220, 期 6, 页码 1135-1145出版社
COMPANY BIOLOGISTS LTD
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.154245
关键词
Beaked whale; Diving; Dolphin; Energetics; Oceanic noise; Swimming
类别
资金
- Office of Naval Research [N000140811273, N000141310808]
- National Science Foundation (Instrument Development for Biological Research Program) [DBI-1255913]
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure [1255913] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Exponential increases in hydrodynamic drag and physical exertion occur when swimmers move quickly through water, and underlie the preference for relatively slow routine speeds by marine mammals regardless of body size. Because of this and the need to balance limited oxygen stores when submerged, flight (escape) responses may be especially challenging for this group. To examine this, we used open-flow respirometry to measure the energetic cost of producing a swimming stroke during different levels of exercise in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). These data were then used to model the energetic cost of high-speed escape responses by other odontocetes ranging in mass from 42 to 2738 kg. The total cost per stroke during routine swimming by dolphins, 3.31 +/- 0.20 Jkg(-1) stroke(-1), was doubled during maximal aerobic performance. A comparative analysis of locomotor costs (LC; in J kg(-1) strok(e-1)), representing the cost of moving the flukes, revealed that LC during routine swimming increased with body mass (M) for odontocetes according to LC= 1.46 +/- 0.0005M; a separate relationship described LC during high-speed stroking. Using these relationships, we found that continuous stroking coupled with reduced glide time in response to oceanic noise resulted in a 30.5% increase in metabolic rate in the beaked whale, a deep-diving odontocete considered especially sensitive to disturbance. By integrating energetics with swimming behavior and dive characteristics, this study demonstrates the physiological consequences of oceanic noise on diving mammals, and provides a powerful tool for predicting the biological significance of escape responses by cetaceans facing anthropogenic disturbances.
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