期刊
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
卷 -, 期 4, 页码 -出版社
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2017/04/045
关键词
dark energy theory; gravity
资金
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- Consolidator Grant of the European Research Council (ERC-CoG) [680886]
- European Research Council (ERC) [680886] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
Measurements of the luminosity distance have played a key role in discovering the late-time cosmic acceleration. However, when accounting for inhomogeneities in the Universe, its interpretation has been plagued with infrared divergences in its theoretical predictions, which are in some cases used to explain the cosmic acceleration without dark energy. The infrared divergences in most calculations are artificially removed by imposing an infrared cut-off scale. We show that a gauge-invariant calculation of the luminosity distance is devoid of such divergences and consistent with the equivalence principle, eliminating the need to impose a cut-off scale. We present proper numerical calculations of the luminosity distance using the gauge-invariant expression and demonstrate that the numerical results with an ad hoc cut-off scale in previous calculations have negligible systematic errors as long as the cut-off scale is larger than the horizon scale. We discuss the origin of infrared divergences and their cancellation in the luminosity distance.
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