Influence of ion interaction on lead removal by a polyamide nanofiltration membrane

Retention of lead(II) ions on a polyamide nanofiltration membrane was investigated. Effects of different factors including operating pressure, lead ion concentration, anion nature, pH and composition of feed on the lead ion rejection were studied. The solutions used consisted of Pb(NO3)(2), PbCl2 and PbSO4 in the single-salt solution system and Pb(NO3)(2), Cu(NO3)(2), Zn(NO3)(2), Cd(NO3)(2), NaNO3 and NH4NO3 in the binary-salt solution system. The influence of divalent and monovalent cations including cadmium, copper, zinc, sodium and ammonium on the rejection of lead ion was examined. The transmembrane pressure and lead ion concentration varied between 10 and 40 bar and 20 and 400 mg Pb2+/L, respectively. It was observed that increasing the pressure and initial feed concentration resulted in a higher lead ion rejection. By replacing NO3- with Cl- and SO42- the rejection of lead ion increased about 2% and 9%, respectively. Applying anions with higher valences resulted in a higher lead ion rejection and lower permeate flux. Maximum permeate flux and minimum lead ion rejection was observed at pH 5.6. In the binary salt solutions, the rejection of lead did not change significantly in the presence of monovalent cations. However, the presence of divalent cations caused a substantial reduction in the lead ion rejection. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.