A stable covalent organic framework for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction

Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into fuels is an important challenge for clean energy research and has attracted considerable interest. Here we show that tethering molecular catalysts-a rhenium complex, [Re(bpy)(CO)(3)Cl]-together in the form of a crystalline covalent organic framework (COF) affords a heterogeneous photocatalyst with a strong visible light absorption, a high CO2 binding affinity, and ultimately an improved catalytic performance over its homogeneous Re counterpart. The COF incorporates bipyridine sites, allowing for ligation of the Re complex, into a fully pi-conjugated backbone that is chemically robust and promotes light-harvesting. A maximum rate of 1040 mu mol g(-1) h(-1) for CO production with 81% selectivity was measured. CO production rates were further increased up to 1400 mu mol g(-1) h(-1), with an improved selectivity of 86%, when a photosensitizer was added. Addition of platinum resulted in production of syngas, hence, the co-formation of H-2 and CO, the chemical composition of which could be adjusted by varying the ratio of COF to platinum. An amorphous analog of the COF showed significantly lower CO production rates, suggesting that crystallinity of the COF is beneficial to its photocatalytic performance in CO2 reduction.