Isotropic Li nucleation and growth achieved by an amorphous liquid metal nucleation seed on MXene framework for dendrite-free Li metal anode

Li metal is regarded as the most promising anode for lithium-based batteries due to its extremely high theoretical capacity and the lowest working potential. However, dendrite caused by uneven Li deposition inhibits its practical application. Here we propose a new concept of utilizing amorphous metallic nucleation seeds to induce the uniform deposition of Li. Amorphous 3 degrees C liquid metal coated on MXene framework is selected as an example for deep investigation. The results indicate that amorphous liquid metal nucleation seeds are stable against MXene and can induce isotropic nucleation and uniform growth of Li. The Coulombic efficiency and performance of symmetric cells are obviously improved both in ether-based and carbonate-based electrolyte under the regulation of amorphous liquid metal seeds. Full lithium metal cells with LiFePO4 and crumpled MXene nanosheet encapsulated LiMn2O4 cathodes also exhibit better electrochemical performance after modification. Additionally, the concept may be useful for developing other metal based anodes.