Efficient water and energy use in irrigation modernization: Lessons from Spanish case studies

In Spain, farmers and water user authorities have applied a variety of approaches in modernizing irrigation systems to address the delicate balance between water and energy use. This review presents the technical aspects of this process. This delicate balance is strongly manifested when replacing open-channel, gravity-based systems with pressurized distribution networks and switching from surface to pressurized irrigation systems, the most common modernization approach in Spain and other countries. This summary focuses on actions and technologies for improving water and energy use in irrigation and some of the main models and tools for improving irrigation infrastructure design and management. Calculations of water conservation and energy consumption as a result of improvement demonstrates the complexity of the balance between energy and water efficiency. The benefits of irrigation modernization include increased water efficiency and productivity, improved operation and management of irrigation systems and working conditions of farmers, but increased energy demands and investment amount. It is necessary to analyze the economic, social, and environmental viability of the irrigation modernization process in each case. Proper design and management of irrigation systems, promotion of the application and usefulness of Irrigation Advisory Services and web-GIS platforms to transfer and share real-time information with farmers in a feedback process are some of the best tools for improving consumption of water, energy and other production inputs. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.