Manifesto for the routine use of NMR for the liquid product analysis of aqueous CO2 reduction: from comprehensive chemical shift data to formaldehyde quantification in water

CO2 reduction research is at a critical turnaround since it has the potential to partially or even substantially fulfil future clean energy needs. CO2-to-CO electrochemical conversion is getting closer from industrial implementation requirements. Efforts are now more and more directed to obtain highly reduced products such as methanol, methane, ethylene, ethanol, etc., most of them being liquids. Gas-phase products (e.g., CO, CH4) are typically detected and quantified by well-defined gas chromatography (GC and GC/MS) protocols. On the other hand, NMR, GC-MS, HPLC have been used for the liquid phase characterization, but no routine technique has yet been established, mainly due to lack of versatility of a single technique. Additionally, except NMR and GC-MS, classical techniques cannot distinguish C-13 from C-12 products, although it is a mandatory step to assess products origin. Herein, we show the efficiency and applicability of H-1 NMR as routine technique for liquid phase products analysis and we address two previous shortcomings. We first established a comprehensive H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shifts list for all (CO2)-C-12 and (CO2)-C-13 reduction products in water ranging from C-1 to C-3. Then we overcame the difficulty of identifying aqueous formaldehyde intermediate by H-1 NMR through an efficient chemical trapping step, along with isotopic signature study. Formaldehyde can be reliably quantified in water with a concentration as low as 50 mu M.