Callose: Localization, functions, and synthesis in plant cells

Callose plays an important role in fragmoplast formation at cytokinesis and differentiation of pores in the phloem, as well as within the courses of microsporogenesis, functioning of stomata closure cells, and protection of plant cells from biotic and abiotic stresses. Special attention is given to consideration of callose functions and its synthesis. Callose synthase is activated by the glucosides, polyamines, calcium ions, magnesium ions, manganese ions, and abscisic acid. The callose synthase gene polymorphism (AtCalS1-AtCalS12) is related to cell growth, tissue differentiation, and cell response to stress as well.