Observation on the electrochemical reactions of Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) as cathode materials for rechargeable batteries

In this work, we propose a facile solid state reaction to prepare Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)(3)/C (0 <= x <= 3), which are rarely explored as possible cathode materials in sodium -ion batteries. Their phase composition, surface morphology and electrochemical property are described and compared in detail by using various physical/chemical methods. Seen from phase analysis results, it is known that Li2.5Na0.5V2(PO4)(3) is a three-phase mixture (monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)(3), rhombohedral Li3V2(PO4)(3) and rhombohedral Na3V2(PO4)(3)). In contrast, Li2NaV2(PO4)(3), Li1.5Na1.5V2(PO4)(3), LiNa2V2(PO4)(3) and Li0.3Na2.5V2(PO4)(3) are two-phase mixtures consisting of rhombohedral Na3V2(PO4)(3) and rhombohedral Li3V2(PO4)(3). Evaluated as cathode materials in half-cells, Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)(3)/C (0 <= x <= 3) can deliver the initial reversible capacities of 94.3 mAh g(-1) (x = 0.0), 103.6 mAh g(-1) (x = 0.5), 115.1 mAh g(-1) (x = 1.0), 112.7 mAh g(-1) (x = 1.5), 99.6 mAh g(-1) (x = 2.0), 94.0 mAh g(-1) (x = 2.5) and 91.9 (x = 3.0) mAh g(-1), respectively. After 45 cycles, the reversible capacities of 88.9 mAh g(-1) (x = 0.0), 88.2 mAh g(-1) (x = 0.5), 80.6 mAh g(-1) (x = 1.0), 99.6 mAh g(-1) (x = 1.5), 87.2 mAh g(-1) (x = 2.0), 72.7 mAh g(-1) (x = 2.5) and 723 mAh g(-1) (x = 3.0) can be still kept for these samples. The electrochemical results suggest that Li/Na co-existence in M3V2(PO4)(3)/C may be beneficial to enhance the electrochemical performance. As a result, Li1.5Na1.5V2(PO4)(3)/C shows the best sodium storage capability as cathode material in sodium-ion batteries. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.