期刊
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SERVICES COMPUTING
卷 13, 期 2, 页码 356-367出版社
IEEE COMPUTER SOC
DOI: 10.1109/TSC.2019.2947914
关键词
Games; Convex functions; Cloud computing; Pricing; Bitcoin; Cloud; edge computing; offloading; blockchain; multi-leader multi-follower game; pricing; ADMM
资金
- Singapore NRF National Satellite of Excellence, Design Science and Technology for Secure Critical Infrastructure [NSoE DeST-SCI2019-0007]
- A*STAR-NTU-SUTD Joint Research Grant Call on Artificial Intelligence for the Future of Manufacturing [RGANS1906]
- Singapore MOE Tier 1 [2017-T1-002-007 RG122/17]
- Singapore MOE Tier 2 [MOE2014-T2-2-015 ARC4/15]
- Singapore EMA Energy Resilience [NRF2017EWT-EP003-041]
- Canada NSERC [RGPIN-2019-06375]
- U.S. National Science Foundation [CCF-0939370, CCF-1513915]
- WASP/NTU [M4082187 (4080)]
- [NRF2015-NRF-ISF001-2277]
The mining process in public blockchains with the Nakamoto consensus protocol requires solving a computational puzzle, i.e., proof-of-work, which is resource expensive to implement in lightweight devices with limited computing resources and energy. Thus, renting mining service from cloud providers becomes a reasonable solution, which is called cloud mining. This enables users who want to mine, i.e., miners, to purchase and lease an amount of hashing power from the cloud/edge providers without any hassle of managing the infrastructure. In this paper, we study the interactions among the cloud/edge providers and miners in blockchain using a multi-leader multi-follower game-theoretic approach, in order to support proof-of-work based blockchains application. Due to the inherent complexity of the formulated game, we employ the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to investigate the optimum solution. Utilizing the decomposition characteristics and fast convergence of ADMM, we obtain the optimum results in a distributed manner. Simulation results demonstrate that with the proposed solutions, the optimization of the utilities of miners and the profits of providers can be jointly achieved.
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