Enhanced NO2 and aerosol extinction observed in the tropospheric column behind lake-breeze fronts using MAX-DOAS

The lake breezes that frequently occur in Southern Ontario impact the levels of pollutants experienced by the populations in urban areas. The effects of lake breeze circulations on pollution transport and processing are not well understood. Few studies have measured the circulations' impact on pollutants both at the surface and within the tropospheric column. In this study, pollutants in the tropospheric column (NO2 VCDs and AODs) were measured using MAX-DOAS concurrent with near-surface measurements of NOx, O-3, and PM2.5 on lake breeze days in Toronto in September and October. The arrival of lake-breeze fronts (LBF) was identified using co-located meteorological data. The presence of lake breezes was confirmed using mesoscale analyses of radar, satellite and a network of meteorological stations. NO2 VCDs exhibited short-term increases of 0.8-3.4.1016 molecules cm(-2) above the pre-LBF levels following the arrival of a LBF. These measurements are the first confirmation of the theorized presence of enhanced total burden of pollution within the total column behind the front within a lakebreeze circulation on multiple lake breeze days. Rapid decreases of O-3 of up to 13 ppb at the arrival of the LBF were unexpected based on observed increases in O-3 in other studies, but can be attributed to reduced photochemical O-3 production during late summer and fall compared to mid-summer. AODs exhibited delayed enhancements compared to NO2 VCDs, appearing to be driven by enhanced humidity following the front, in addition to enhanced particle concentration. Our measurements highlight the complex 3-D structure of lakebreeze circulations.