Extended Metal-Organic Frameworks on Diverse Supports as Electrode Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

The incorporation of renewable and sustainable energy sources in electric grids has been acknowledged as a potential strategy to solve the ever-growing environmental issues that result from the use of fossil fuels. In order to realize the full potential of these systems, advanced electrochemical energy storage devices must be developed. Recently, researchers have turned their attention toward obtaining high-performance electrode nanomaterials in order to develop these next-generation electrochemical systems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), well-known for their relatively straightforward fabrication methods, high nanoscale porosities, robust nanostructures, and intrinsic crystallinities, have emerged as a class of nanomaterials potentially capable of meeting the stringent demands for these systems. Specifically, bridged MOFs and other MOF derivatives have recently been established as the primary MOF-based nanomaterials in studies on electrochemical systems, such as batteries and capacitors, as these nanomaterials have demonstrated the potential to address the poor conductivities that arise from separated nanoparticles in early reports on MOF-only systems. As such, we have focused this review on these nanomaterials, and in particular, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of electrochemical systems with a range of support materials, including carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphene, metals, metal oxides, and conductive polymers. Finally, we highlight the remaining challenges and the possible opportunities for research in this field in order to facilitate future studies.