Mainstream avenues for boosting graphitic carbon nitride efficiency: towards enhanced solar light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production and environmental remediation

Photocatalysts comprising 2D carbon nitride-based systems have emerged as a fervently researched topic for addressing the problems of fuel depletion and the environment. However, the photocatalytic activities of pristine g-C3N4 are still mediocre and suffer from issues pertaining to the restrictions in light absorption, charge separation, and carrier-induced surface reactions; however, efforts have been made in the past decades to boost the efficiencies. This review endeavors to present a roadmap to prepare high-performance g-C3N4 photocatalysts by expounding the cutting-edge research on g-C3N4 materials either as a single component or g-C3N4-based composites including current challenges and perspectives on this topical theme. We believe that this review will provide a broader picture and recommendations for the preparation of superior g-C3N4 photocatalysts towards a greener, cleaner, and resilient future.