Nomogram for predicting overall survival of patients with bladder cancer: A population-based study

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a reliable nomogram to estimate overall survival in bladder cancer. Method: Patients diagnosed with bladder cancer identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts. The powerful prognostic variables were examined using Cox regression analyses. A nomogram was developed on the prognostic factors. Results: The results suggested that age, sex, race, grade, histologic type, primary site, pathological stage, surgical treatment, and number of primary tumors, were the powerful prognostic factors. All these factors were integrated to construct the nomogram. The nomogram for predicting overall survival showed better discrimination power than the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage system 8th edition. Conclusion: The nomogram has the potential to provide an individualized prediction of overall survival in patients with bladder cancer.