期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 18, 期 3, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030532
关键词
vanillin; HIF-1 alpha; STAT3; migration; melanoma
资金
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant - Korean Government [2014R1A2A2A04007791, 2015R1A2A2A01002483]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2014R1A2A2A04007791, 2015R1A2A2A01002483] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
Recent studies have shown that vanillin has anti-cancer, anti-mutagenic, and anti-metastatic activity; however, the precise molecular mechanism whereby vanillin inhibits metastasis and cancer progression is not fully elucidated. In this study, we examined whether vanillin has anti-cancer and anti-metastatic activities via inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) in A2058 and A375 human malignant melanoma cells. Immunoblotting and quantitative real time (RT)-PCR analysis revealed that vanillin down-regulates HIF-1 alpha protein accumulation and the transcripts of HIF-1 alpha target genes related to cancer metastasis including fibronectin 1 (FN1), lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). It was also found that vanillin significantly suppresses HIF-1 alpha mRNA expression and de novo HIF-1 alpha protein synthesis. To understand the suppressive mechanism of vanillin on HIF-1 alpha expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed. Consequently, it was found that vanillin causes inhibition of promoter occupancy by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but not nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), on HIF1A. Furthermore, an in vitro migration assay revealed that the motility of melanoma cells stimulated by hypoxia was attenuated by vanillin treatment. In conclusion, we demonstrate that vanillin might be a potential anti-metastatic agent that suppresses metastatic gene expression and migration activity under hypoxia via the STAT3-HIF-1 alpha signaling pathway.
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