期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 18, 期 3, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030666
关键词
innate immunity; microRNA; virus; extracellular vesicles
资金
- Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MEXT)
- Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan (MHLW)
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- PRESTO JST
- Mochida Memorial foundation
- Japan Diabetes Foundation
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Kao Foundation for Arts and Sciences
- Japanese Association for Complement Research
- Daiichi Sankyo Foundation of Life Science
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [26430165, 15K08517] Funding Source: KAKEN
The innate immune system plays a crucial role in controlling viral infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors, sense viral components called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger signals to induce innate immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, deliver functional RNA and mediate intercellular communications. Recent studies have revealed that EVs released from virus-infected cells deliver viral RNA to dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby activating PRRs in recipient cells, which results in the expression of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, EVs transfer not only viral RNA but also host microRNAs to recipient cells. Recently, infection of hepatocytes with hepatitis B virus (HBV) was shown to affect microRNA levels in EVs released from virus-infected cells, leading to attenuation of host innate immune response. This suggests that the virus utilizes the EVs and host microRNAs to counteract the antiviral innate immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to the role of EVs in antiviral innate immune responses.
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