Understanding the electronic properties of BaTiO3and Er3+doped BaTiO3films through confocal scanning microscopy and XPS: the role of oxygen vacancies

Photonic and electronic properties exist inherently in ferroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3); severe luminescence quenching also exists due to the insufficient confinement of excitons. In this sense, high optical emission can only be achieved by its chemical and structural modification. Thin BaTiO(3)and Er:BaTiO(3)films were grown by the spin coating method on a glass substrate at room temperature. Self-trapping of excitons in the thin BaTiO(3)film and its structural modification due to the doping with Er(3+)ions (Er:BaTiO3) are verified using scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy (SCFM), where self-trapping excitons never occured in its pure state. By thermal treatment and doping (BaTiO(3)and Er:BaTiO3) we obtained localization of the excitons, which would further induce lattice strain around the surface defects, to accommodate the self-trapped excitons. With such a self-trapped state, the structure of BaTiO(3)generates broadband emission of several overlapping bands between 1.95 and 2.65 eV at room temperature, while the structure Er:BaTiO(3)showed defined emission bands at 2.24 and 2.35 eV, with very weak contributions of the emission due to the self-trapping state. The influence of the variation of the excitation wavelength using 1PE and 2PE on the emission bands of BaTiO(3)and Er:BaTiO(3)is also investigated. The results of enhanced emission bands suggest a clear dependence of the emission intensity on the excitation energy, where a similar to 3 fold enhancement in emission has been demonstrated under Er3+(1.55 eV) excitation, which can be attributed to effective energy transfer between the Er(3+)ions. As a result, it is concluded that the developed BaTiO(3)and Er:BaTiO(3)can pave the way for future photonic devices.