Morphological alterations in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria exposed to minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of raw Malaysian stingless bee honey

The stingless beeHeterotrigona itamahoney is generating interest among consumers due to unique antibacterial properties. Despite the substantial health benefits of this honey, its action mode of inhibiting and killing pathogenic bacteria remains unresolved. The present study aimed to unravel the effect of rawH. itamahoney against four clinically important bacteria,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Bacillus subtilisandStaphylococcus aureus. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, alongside antioxidant and antibacterial activities of honey samples were established to identify the 'best' raw honey. Honey Sy-1 showing the highest amount of phenolics (80.71 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity (82.67%) and, the lowest MIC (1.56% (w/v)) and MBC (3.125% (w/v)), was tested against four bacterial cells, wherein any alterations in cellular morphology were observed under scanning electron microscope. The micrographs revealed significant elongation/filamentation inB. subtiliscells, de-flagellation inP. aeruginosa,membrane perturbation and leakage of intracellular contents inE. colialongside non-dividing septated cells inS. aureus. H. itamahoney inhibited bacterial growth by disrupting the cell membrane in conjunction to interacting with a cytosolic target or possibly interrupted septum formation and blocking DNA and protein syntheses. The evidence strongly supported the natural antibacterial properties of theH. itamahoney.