The distribution of blood concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) in residents of the German Ruhr area and its potential association with occupational exposure in metal industry and/or other risk factors

Objective: This study investigated the metal distribution in blood samples from the general population and the risk of having high metal concentration for metal workers. Methods: Metal concentrations were determined in archived blood samples from 1411 men and 1410 women (median age 59 and 57 years, respectively) collected at baseline (2000-2003) of the prospective Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Retrospective information on working in metal industry was obtained from previous follow-up survey (2011-2014). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of having a metal concentration >90th percentile (P90) for working in metal industry were calculated using logistic regression with adjustment for covariates. Results: More men than women worked in metal industry (57 vs. 3 at baseline). Male metal workers had increased blood lead (Pb) (OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.38-5.91) and manganese (Mn) (OR: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.46-5.81). Smoking (>= 30 cigarettes/day) strongly influenced cadmium (Cd) in blood (OR: 168; 95% CI: 55-510). Women had higher Mn (8.92 mu g/L) and Cd (036 mu g/L) concentrations than men (Mn: 8.11 mu g/L; Cd: 0.29 mu g/L). Blood Pb in women (29.2 mu g/L) was lower than in men (33.2 mu g/L None of the studied risk factors was significantly associated with chromium and nickel concentrations above their 90th percentiles. Conclusions: In this population-based cohort we found evidence that working in metal industry was predictive for having elevated blood Pb and Mn concentrations. However, the 95th percentiles of all investigated metals were not significantly influenced by metal-related occupations. The present study is supportive for gender-specific reference values to limit occupational exposure to Mn and Pb. The strong influence of smoking on blood Cd hinders establishing reference values. (C) 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.