Frequency regulation of an electric vehicle-operated micro-grid under WOA-tuned fuzzy cascade controller

The present manuscript highlights on the frequency regulation of an islanded AC micro-grid under different uncertainties. The advancement in battery-operated vehicles (electric vehicles) keeps environment clean and healthy due to carbonless gas emissions. However, charging of electric vehicles creates frequency instability issues in the micro-grid system. Additionally, the incorporation of low inertia and large uncertainties of the micro-grid system puts adverse effect over frequency stabilisation. To obtain multi-beneficial (green environment and nominal frequency) scenario in micro-grid systems, the manuscript proposes a robust fuzzy cascade PD-PI controller for this study. A nature-inspired whale optimisation algorithm (WOA) algorithm is suggested to optimally design the proposed fuzzy cascade PD-PI controller. In order to defend the viability of the proposed approaches few comparative analyses have been synthesised in this study. Finally, it is revealed the proposed WOA-optimised fuzzy cascade PD-PI controller gracefully improves micro-grid dynamic performance under various operational conditions.