Dynamic fluid interactions during CO2-ECBM and CO2 sequestration in coal seams. Part 2: CO2-H2O wettability

In addition to CO2-CH4 interactions (Part 1), the success of CO2 enhanced coalbed methane (CO2-ECBM) and geological sequestration are significantly affected by the CO2-H2O wettability. Wettability controls both gas desorption and transport and is influenced by injection pressure, reservoir temperature and the state of water that is present - as either adsorbed-or free-water. Dynamic changes in wettability remains poorly constrained - due to the innate difficulty and invasive nature of conventional measurements (e.g., captive gas bubble and pendent drop tilted plate methods). In part 2, we use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a non-invasive method to explore the mechanisms of these factors (pressure, temperature, water-state) on CO2-H2O wettability during CO2-ECBM. Results for contrasting subbituminous coal and anthracite show that the CO2 wettability of coals significantly increases with increasing CO2 injection pressure up to 5 MPa before stabilizing to a limiting value. This suggests that the most economically-suitable injection pressure is similar to 5 MPa. CO2 wettability also increases with a decrease in temperature suggesting that shallower reservoirs may be marginally improved in this trend. Additionally, the presence of non-adsorbed water in coals significantly reduces both the sensitivity of CO2 wettability to pressure and the absolute magnitude of wettability relative to the case where free-water is absent. Thus, draining free-water from the reservoir will serve the dual purposes of both increasing gas transport and the potential for desorption from the perspective of CO2-H2O wettability. The far-reaching results in this study, together with the companion paper (Part 1) are significant for evaluating CO2-ECBM improvement both in enhancing methane recovery and CO2 utilization in coals.