Salvia ceratophyllaL. from South of Jordan: new insights on chemical composition and biological activities

In Jordan,Salvia ceratophyllaL. is traditionally used in the treatment of cancer, microbial infections, and urinary disorders. This study aimed: (1) to chemically characterizeS. ceratophyllaessential oil (EO) from South Jordan, by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and (2) to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antiprotozoal activities of the EO, it's predominant components, and the hexane (A), ethyl acetate (B), methanol (C) and crude-methanol extracts (D). The analysis revealed that the EO has 71 compounds, with linalool (54.8%) as main constituent. Only the hexane extract (A) showed some cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, SK-OV-3, LLC-PK1 and VERO cells lines with IC(50)between 60 and > 100 mu g/mL. The EO inhibited NO production (IC(50)90 mu g/mL) and NF-kappa B activity (IC(50)38 mu g/mL). The extracts A, B, and D inhibited NO production and NF- kappa B activity with IC(50)between 32 and 150 mu g/mL. Linalool considerably inhibited NO production (IC(50)18 mu g/mL). The extracts tested did not exhibit antileishmanial activity. Regarding antitrypanosomal activity, the EO exhibited significant results with IC(50)2.65 mu g/mL. In conclusion, JordanS. ceratophyllaEO represents a rich source of linalool and bears a promising therapeutic potential for further antitrypanosomal drug development.