Subcritical water extraction of phytochemicals from Phlomis umbrosa Turcz

Subcritical water extraction (SWE) avoids the use of organic solvents when extracting active compounds. The SWE of phytochemicals from Phlomis umbrosa Turcz (PT) and the effect of antioxidant activity were investigated while varying the extraction temperature (from 100 degrees C to 200 degrees C) and time (from 5 to 25 min). The maximum yields of total polyphenols (142.02 +/- 5.67 mg/g PT, mean SD) and flavonoids (33.69 +/- 3.01 mg/g PT) were obtained for an extraction temperature and time of 200 degrees C and 20 min, respectively. The correlation of antioxidant activities in terms of their total phenolics and flavonoids contents suggest that the ABTS.(+) assay better reflects the antioxidant contents in SWE from PT than does the DPPH assay for extraction temperatures from 110 degrees C to 200 degrees C. At higher temperatures around 200 degrees C, SWE extracts affect the antioxidant activity due to the presence of not only flavonoids but also nonflavonoid phenolic compounds including prenylated flavonoids. Industrial relevance: This study used subcritical water extraction (SWE) for the practical applications of the SWE process that extracts antioxidant compounds from medicinal herb such as Phlomis wnbrosa Turcz. SWE is excellent technology to selectively extract bioactive compounds using temperature-dependent dielectric constant properties of water. As the temperature of water is increased, the polarity of water decreases. That's why it is selective extraction. The use of SWE in the present study was associated with high efficiency and antioxidant activities. These results indicate that SWE is an efficient and rapid method for extracting phytochemicals, and a safer product only using purified water. SWE has a potential to develop a commercial process for the extraction of phytochemicals. This method can be easily implemented on an industrial scale.