Macrophage correlates with immunophenotype and predicts anti-PD-L1 response of urothelial cancer

Immune-checkpoint blockades (ICBs) have been routinely implemented to treat metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC), whereas robust biomarkers are urgently warranted. Herein, we explored latent promising biomarkers based on 348 pretreatment mUC samples from IMvigor210. Methods: The genome, transcriptome, immunome, and metabolome were systemically analyzed using the external TCGA dataset for validation. Kaplan-Meier and ROC curve analyses were performed to estimate the predictive capacity of M1-macrophage infiltration. Chi-square/Spearman/Mann Whitney U test are used to determine its correlation to genetic, biochemical, and clinicopathological parameters. Results: M1 frequency is a robust biomarker for predicting the prognosis and response to ICBs, which is non-inferior to tumor mutation burden (TMB) or tumor neoantigen burden (TNB), and exceeds CD8 T cells, T cell inflamed gene expression profile (GEP), and PD-L1 expression. Moreover, M1 infiltration is associated with immune phenotypes (AUC = 0.785) and is negatively correlated with immune exclusion. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis showed immune activation in the high-M1 subgroup, whereas it showed steroid and drug metabolism reprograming in the M1-deficient subset, which characterized the limited sensitivity to ICB therapy. Notably, investigation of the corresponding intrinsic genomic profiles highlighted the significance of TPS3 and FGFR alterations. Conclusions: M1 infiltration is a robust biomarker for immunotherapeutic response and immunophenotype determination in an mUC setting. Innate immunity activation involving macrophage polarization remodeling and anti-FGFR mutations may be promising strategies for synergy with anti-PD-L1 treatments and may help prolong the clinical survival of patients with mUC.