Trends in sorbent development for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction

Dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D mu SPE) has applied as a unique sample preparation technique for various real samples, especially for a liquid sample solution. The sorbent plays a critical role in this technique. The efficiency of the extraction method depends on the type of sorbent and analyte interactions, such as physical and chemical interaction. The chemical structure of the sorbent and the sorbate were discussed to understand their interaction type at the molecular level. In this way, the sorbents used in the D mu SPE method were divided into five groups, such as metal and nonmetal oxide and their derivatives, carbon-based nanomaterials or composites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), polymeric materials, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The effects of pH and the ionic strength of the sample solution as unique factors in the sorbent interaction with analyte and extraction selectivity were discussed. Also, the applications of the various sorbents for the analyte extraction in real samples with the D mu SPE procedures were highlighted.