Ophthalmic associations in pregnancy

Background A range of ocular pathology exists during pregnancy. Some pre-existing eye conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy, can be exacerbated during pregnancy. Other conditions manifest for the first time during pregnancy as a result of complications such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Early recognition and understanding of the management of ophthalmic conditions is crucial. Objective The aim of this article is to discuss the physiological and pathological changes in the eyes of pregnant women. Pathological changes are sub-divided into: 1) pre-existing eye conditions modified during pregnancy, 2) pathological conditions occurring for the first time and 3) ophthalmic associations due to complications in pregnancy. Discussion This article reviews the ophthalmic conditions that can manifest during pregnancy and discusses their pathophysiology and clinical implications. Recognition, history and examination of ophthalmic conditions and a diagnostic framework for referral are provided. Fundamental multidisciplinary care principles involving the primary care physician, ophthalmologist, rheumatologist or haematologist and obstetrician in the care of the pregnant patient are discussed.