Vanadium sulfide based materials: synthesis, energy storage and conversion

Energy storage and conversion technologies are considered to be the most promising ways to utilize renewable energy resources. Over the past few years, numerous researchers have dedicated their time to applying electrode materials toward attaining high energy density storage in metal-ion batteries and to realizing high efficiency mutual transformation between chemical and electrical energies in energy conversion devices. Vanadium sulfides, such as VS2 and VS4, have received considerable attention as an emerging class of materials with different chemical compositions, morphologies, crystal phases, and electrochemical activities in energy storage and conversion. The goal of this review is to present a summary of the recent progress on vanadium sulfide based materials for emerging energy storage and conversion application. The structure, theoretical basis for electrochemistry and synthetic strategies are summarized in detail, and the atomic structure-property-application relationships are established. Finally, the challenges and the prospects for the advancement of vanadium sulfide based energy materials are demonstrated.